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Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi
He was born in Baghdad to a well-known but impoverished family of clerics. Educated in Islam by his father and uncle, he taught in Madrasa (Islamic schools) attached to mosques, wrote, and occasionally engaged in politics.
In 1889, the Ottoman Empire's governor (wali) of Baghdad named Alusi to be Arabic-language editor of the official journal al-Zawra; the next wali, however, persecuted Alusi for his pro-Wahhabi inclinations - Alusi had attacked Ottoman innovations and so-called superstitious religious practices. Around 1905, he was exiled for a short period when the wali accused him of incitement against the Ottoman sultan.
Due to Alusi's great popularity with the Sunni Muslims, in 1911 the Ottoman wali Cemal Paşa asked him to join the administrative council of Baghdad's province. In November 1914, he was sent to persuade the Saudi amir Ibn Saʿud to support the Ottoman Empire in World War I, but he failed.
In his writings, Alusi defends Islamic reformists, such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and Rashid Rida; he attacks deviationist practices in Sunni Islam, which he saw as a return to polytheism. More ferocious were his attacks against the Shiʿites. He branded them rafida (renegades) and accused them of rejoicing in the Ottoman's defeat by the Russians; he also issued legal opinions (fatwa). His histories deal with Baghdad, its ulama (body of Islamic scholars), and mosques; Islamic Spain; the Najd; Arab markets, eating and drinking habits, and punishments in the Jahili period; Arab games; and Baghdadi proverbs. He also wrote essays on Arabic philology.